A trait-based characterization of cover plants to assess their potential to provide a set of ecological services in banana cropping systems

Cover plants are one of the means to increase the functional biodiversity of fields and to enhance the ecological functions of the communities. However, the design of cropping systems including cover plants relies largely on expert knowledge. There is a lack of methods to select the best suited cover plants according to their role in the agrosystem. We propose to use functional traits to select cover plants suited to sustain ecological services in the banana agrosystems of the French West Indies. Our objectives were (i) to characterize a collection of cover plants on a trait basis, according to their potential to provide the services expected in a banana agrosystem and (ii) to discuss the potential use of this characterization for the design of innovative multi-species banana cropping systems. In these systems, four main services are targeted, i.e. controlling weeds, controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, improving soil fertility and particularly N availability, and avoiding competition with banana for resource acquisition. Three experiments were conducted, under field and controlled conditions, to evaluate the potential of a collection of 28 tropical cover plants to achieve the functions related to these services. For each cover plant, a functional profile was constructed from a combination of plant traits that are easy to assess experimentally. It described plants’ potential to achieve the functions expected in a banana agrosystem. Functional profiles required for cover plant usages were also identified. The comparison of the plant functional profiles and the functional profiles required for their usages enabled us to select the best suited plants for each usage. However, these functional profiles rarely corresponded, meaning that a cover plant is rarely sufficient to achieve all the functions required for a usage. Functional complementarities obtained by the mixture of different species of cover plants are thus often required. Compared to classical approaches of innovative cropping system design based on the experimental testing of spatial and temporal plant combinations, such a trait-based approach saves time by focusing on a shortlist of cover plants best suited according to their functions in the agrosystem.     

Optimisation of fertiliser rates in crop production against energy use indicators

Optimising mineral nitrogen (N) use in crop production is inevitable target as mineral fertilisers reflect one of the highest inputs both in terms of economy and energy. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship between the rate of N fertiliser application and different measures of energy parameters exemplary data for spring-wheat in boreal climate condition in Estonia in 2006–2010. The effect of mineral N with rates 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ was studied on the background of composted cow manure and without organic fertilisers. Univalent parameters, energy gain (EG) (energy output − energy input) and energy ratio (ER) (energy output/energy input) were calculated. To aggregate parameters with different units (ER and EG) we proposed two standardisation approaches for combined indices. ER maximisation gave both organic fertilisation background optimum N norms significantly lower than EG (p < 0.05) optimisation. Both the new combined indices gave optimum N norms in between the rate of ER an EG. Composted cow manure background did not affect mineral N optimisation significantly. We suggest optimisation of mineral N according to bi-dimensional parameters as they capture important features of production efficiency and are more objective using as advisory tool for sustainable production systems.     

贵州省生物天然气发展现状及农作物秸秆资源潜力

对贵州省现阶段生物天然气工程发展的现状进行了阐述,研究了贵州省发展生物天然气存在的问题和困难,并统计了各市州农作物秸秆资源可收集量,计算出了生物天然气的生产潜力,以期为生物天然气的制备和利用提供参考。     

土壤有机碳作用及转化机制研究进展

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示：直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中的转化特征进行分组,尝试建立这一分组与土壤有机碳功能的关联。按照转化特征,土壤有机碳可分为稳定性有机碳和营养性有机碳两大类型。前者主要指封存于土壤黏粒中的有机碳,很难被土壤微生物分解和矿化。后者主要指通过作物收获后地表及根系残留物、还田秸秆、有机肥施肥进入土壤的有机碳,是土壤有机碳中易于转化的、活跃的组分,也是形成土壤腐殖质和团聚体的主要前体物质。对土壤肥力具有重要意义。多点长期定位试验研究结果显示：土壤有机碳含量实际上表达了土壤中有机碳输入与分解两个过程的动态平衡。当输入量小于矿化量,将导致土壤有机碳含量和土壤肥力下降。当每年输入的有机碳量大于矿化量,土壤有机碳含量会持续上升;直至每年输入量与矿化量相等,土壤有机碳含量不再增加,此时,土壤有机碳含量达到平衡点。在一般农业生产条件下,达到平衡点的时间周期为20—30年。在营养性有机碳投入量过高情况下,这一动态平衡系统也会导致入多出多,达到新的平衡点后,每年会有高量土壤有机物质的矿化,从而引起农田土壤中矿质养分,特别是矿质氮的流失,进入水体及大气环境中。为实现土壤培肥和环境保护双重目标,农田土壤营养性有机碳的投入量应以有机碳的矿化流失不致产生环境风险为宜。新的研究还证实：营养性有机碳进入农田后,在土壤生物作用下分解为一系列短链化合物,再通过生物构建作用与土壤矿物颗粒形成土壤团聚体,并以此对多项土壤肥力性状发挥积极作用。受土壤中腐殖化、有机碳分解等不同过程影响,土壤团聚体持续发生着聚合和崩解,只有持续而丰富的营养性有机碳输入,才能维持土壤中总有机-无机团聚体的稳定度。多点长期定位试验结果揭示：土壤有机碳含量主要取决于气候条件、土壤质地与土地利用类型。在人为因素中,土地利用方式的变化对土壤有机碳含量的影响最大,而施肥、秸秆还田、耕作等农作措施对土壤有机碳含量的影响比较小。耕地土壤上,作物类型不同,其典型的耕作和收获方式不同,收获后存留地表和土壤中的根系残留物数量和质量不同,有机质生成能力不同。在种植有机质消耗性作物时,需要注意在轮作制度中引入有机质增加型作物或施用有机肥料,以保持土壤肥力。     

施用草甘膦对转基因抗除草剂大豆田杂草防除、大豆安全性及杂草发生的影响

【目的】转GAT 和EPSPS 双价基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’是我国具有自主知识产权的抗除草剂材料,喷施草甘膦后,评价草甘膦对杂草防除、大豆安全和杂草发生的影响,为其将来商业化种植后的安全监测与杂草治理提供数据支持。【方法】除草效果：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记,施药后28 d调查禾本科和阔叶杂草株数,并剪取地上部分称取鲜重, 计算株防效和鲜重防效。对大豆安全性：每小区以对角线5点取样法,每点随机取4株大豆并标记,在喷药当天、药后7、14、21及28 d调查大豆株高和复叶数,观察药害,收获前每小区取50株大豆调查结荚数及产量。杂草发生情况：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记（避开除草效果取样点）,调查并记录每种杂草种类、株数,计算每种杂草相对多度。【结果】转基因大豆喷施900、1 800和3 600 g a.i./hm ²草甘膦对禾本科杂草株防效2016年分别为84.30%、95.22%和83.62%,阔叶杂草株防效分别为49.80%、64.52%和61.93%,禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别在95.36%和82.05%以上,2017年对禾本科和阔叶草株防效分别达94.93%和85.09%以上,对禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别达98.00%和96.57%以上。转基因大豆喷施草甘膦对大豆生长没有不良影响,产量高于人工除草处理。两年研究结果表明转基因抗除草剂大豆喷施草甘膦后杂草群落发生改变,转基因抗除草剂大豆田不除草处理小区主要优势阔叶杂草为反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、打碗花（Calystegia hederacea）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）,禾本科杂草为狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）和牛筋草（Eleusine indica）,共6种,喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²后转基因大豆田5种主要优势杂草为打碗花、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、马齿苋、牛筋草和狗尾草。【结论】转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²对杂草有很好的防除效果, 对大豆安全。因此,转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’将在我国有很好的商业化应用前景,喷施草甘膦影响杂草种群的发生,如今后商业化种植需长期密切监测种群变化。     

作物生长过程模拟模型与形态三维可视化关键技术研究

针对作物产量形成、品种适应性分析的数字化解析和可视化表达需求,以提高作物模拟模型的时效性、协同性和真实感为目标,结合物联网技术与作物模拟模型,进行了田间数据实时采集;应用多智能体技术进行了作物协同模拟方法研究与框架设计;开展了作物生长过程模拟模型及基于作物模型的形态三维可视化关键技术研究,以小麦作物为例,进行了田间试验,阐述了小麦三维形态模拟可视化系统的设计实现并进行了试验验证;构建了Logistic方程模拟小麦叶长、最大叶宽、叶片高度、株高等的生长变化,采用基于曲线、曲面的参数化建模方法和3D图形库OpenGL构造了小麦器官几何模型。结果表明小麦叶长、最大叶宽、叶片高度和株高模拟模型R ²值在0.772~0.999之间,回归方程的F值在10.153~4359.236之间,且Sig.小于显著水平0.05,模型显著性较好,模型的拟合度较高。本研究将作物模拟模型结果和形态结构模型有效结合,实现了以小麦为代表的作物在不同管理措施条件下的生长过程形态三维可视化表达,为作物生产数字化系统应用提供了更有效的途径,该技术体系与方法同样适用于玉米、水稻等作物。     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

中国大陆地区基于太阳辐射经验值计算ET0的适用性研究

太阳辐射是利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(PM)公式计算参考作物需水量(ET_0)的必要参数。为了探究PM公式在辐射数据缺失的条件下,利用FAO推荐的公式及参数获得太阳辐射值(R_(s_c))替代观测值(R_(s_o))在中国大陆地区的适用性,本研究选用了中国大陆112个站点至少15 a的多年月平均观测数据,通过逐点计算分析了R_(s_c)和R_(s_o)的时空差异及二者分别输入PM公式获得的参考作物需水量ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)的时空差异。结果表明,R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)存在显著的时空差异性,二者相对差值范围为-2.86～4.41 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且在4—8月份差异较大;大致以"胡焕庸线"为界,线西北区域R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)的时空差异相对较小,且稳定,线东南区域的时空差异较大,且不稳定。但是,基于二者计算的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)时空差异却不显著,平均只有0.06～0.26 mm·d~(-1)的误差;"胡焕庸线"西北地区的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)绝对差值常年稳定在0.00～0.25 mm·d~(-1),"胡焕庸线"线东南地区则随季节而变化,夏季差异相对较大。在实际的应用中,西北地区全年和北方地区春、秋、冬三季以及长江、珠江流域所覆盖的南方地区在1、2、10、11、12月使用R_(s_c)替代R_(s_o)获得ET_0具有较好的适用性,北方地区的夏季、南方地区的3—9月份使用R_(s_c)计算ET_0则必须研究相应的方法对结果进行矫正,否则会有误差,且偏大。     

Seed Shattering of Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen)

Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a semi‐domesticated relative of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with high nutritious quality. It is tolerant to frost, drought, saline soils and pests. One seed yield limitation is seed loss during the maturity stages. Two greenhouse experiments in Denmark and field experiments in Bolivia were carried out to determine seed shattering in landraces and cultivars with different growth habits. 15–21 % of the seed shattering in the fields took place whilst the plants still were flowering and 25–35 % during physiological maturity. Seed shattering varied between locations on the Bolivian Altiplano. Cañahua types with the semi‐prostrate growth (‘lasta’) had the highest seed shattering rate in the greenhouse experiments. The Umacutama landrace had lower seed shattering (1 %) than the cultivar Kullaca (7.2 %) both of the ‘lasta’ type. Under field conditions, the cultivar Illimani with the erect growth (‘saihua’) had the highest seed shattering rate (6.4–33.7 %) at both locations and at four different sowing dates. The Umacutama had the lowest rate (0.5–1.5 %). There were no significant differences between plants of the ‘lasta’ and the ‘saihua’ types. The landrace had significantly less seed loss than the cultivars. However, in the greenhouse, the landrace yield was approximately 25 % lower than the yields of the cultivars. In general, cañahua cultivars had higher yield compared to landraces, but also a higher seed shattering rate. Landraces may be used in breeding programmes to develop high‐yielding cultivars with reduced seed shattering.     

提高小麦单产的田间排水暗管规格模拟

改进内蒙古河套灌区田间排水系统的规格对灌区提升作物产量和保障粮食生产有重要现实意义,因此,在河套灌区对所构建的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型进行了参数率定和验证,然后,对2000—2010年灌区春小麦种植条件下适宜的田间排水暗管规格进行探讨,并模拟评价了该条件下作物产量和水分生产力(WP)的时空分布特征。结果表明,所构建的分布式模型在河套灌区具有较高的适应性。春小麦种植条件下,灌区大部分耕地面积推荐采用田间排水暗管的规格为间距100.0m或75.0m,埋深为2.5m。相比现有排水系统,采用推荐的排水暗管规格,春小麦多年平均作物产量提高了18.5%,多年平均WP提高5.2%。研究结果为进一步改进灌区田间排水系统的效果提供了一定的参考。